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ÿþSlovakia in 16th and 17th century.
1526 Defeat of Hungarian army and the death of Louis II. Jagellion at the Battle of Mohács
ended relatively prosperous period of the region.
The defeat at Mohács was caused by many events but mostly:
1. the weakened position of Hungarian king at the time;
2. Rich aristocrats prefered their own, mostly selfish, interests;
3. European countries didn´t support the fight against turcs;
4. half of the Hungarian army led by John Zápolya didn´t come to help;
The defeat at Mohács had a long-term impact on the Hungarian history:
1. More then half of the kingdom was occupied by Turcs for almost 200 years (till 1699)
2. The rest of the country was looted by turkish troops, peoples was suffering from diseases,
starvation, plague...
3. to complete the picture of the anarchy of the era the conflict between protestants and
catholics broke out (which in Hungary take the form of uprisings against Habsburgs led by
aristocrats - Bocskay, Bethlen, Rakoczi)
So what happened years after Mohács?
Louis II. was the last Hungarian and Bohemian kings from Jagellion dynasty. According to
agreements between royal families of Jagellion and Habsburgs, the Bohemian and Hungurian
throne inheritated son of emperor Charles Quint, Ferdinand his wife Anne was Louis´
sister.
But the most powerful landowner in Hungary John Zápolya refused to recognise Ferdinand
Hungarian king and persuaded the Estates generals to proclaim himself the king of Hungary.
End with the support of Turkish sultan he controlled the Eastern part of the country (Eastern
Slovakia and Transylvania - Sedmohradsko) untill his death in 1540.
The western part of Hungary, including the rest of Slovakia and western Hungary was
controlled by Habsburgs and it was called Royal Hungary. All central institution moved to
Bratislava (1536), the archbishop of Estergom moved to Trnava.
In 1541 Hungary was divided between Turcs, Habsburgs and successors of John Zápolya:
Buda pashalic the central part and two other part that we already mentioned.
In this period of anarchy without any important central power in Hungary protestantism and
also calvinism found fertile land to spread its ideas. But later, while Habsburgs had stabilised
their power, they started to persecute protestants, they even abolished freedom of religion etc.
This anti protestant attitude of Habsburgs caused a several anti - habsburgs uprisings
which started in 1604 by Bocskai uprisings and ended by Rakoczi uprising in early 18th
century by defeat of protestant movement against Habsburgs´ absolutism.
The list of uprisings:
1604 1608 uprising of Stephan Bocskai
1619 1622 uprising of Gabriel Bethlen
1643 1645 uprising of Juraj Rakoczi
1671 Vesselenyi conspiracy
1680 1687 uprising of Imrich Tokoli
1703 1708 uprising of Frantiaek Rakoczi
1711 Peace of Satu Mare (in Transylvania) which concluded the fights between Habsburgs
and nobles was a compromise between Habsburgs and Hungurian aristocracy. Some of the
old privileges was conserved - even the freedom of religion and nobles recognised the
hereditary rights of Habsburgs on the Hungarian throne. Jesuits were allowed to set up in
Hungary.
Turks were pushed back with the help of polish king John III. Sobieski in 1683 nearby
Vienna and definitely defeated at Mohács in 1699 and pushed out of Hungary.
Other important events:
1610 - Synode of %7Å„ilina - established the organization of Protestant church in Hungary
1635 - University of Trnava -
1657 - Jesuit University in Koaice -
- both established to pursue aims of Catholic Church, so to strenghten the position of
Catholicism in Hungary
18th century - beginning of inner migration in Hungary after defeat of Turks, when people
from Northern part of the country went south (to populate, better conditions, also supported
by government) Begining of Slovak settlements in Vojvodina, Békes and other southern
counties.
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